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The major components of a <a href="http://www.ftk-valve.com/ball-valve/" target="_self">ball valve</a> include:
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Valve body – A pressure vessel that contains the components needed to control or shut off the flow through a pipe. It is designed to connect two or more sections of pipe or tubing to each other.
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Ball – A sphere with a flow path (hole or tunnel) through the center of it and a connection point for a shaft to rotate it.
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Seats – Round donut-shaped discs that form a seal between the body and ball.
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Stem – A shaft that connects the internal ball to the outside of the valve to facilitate rotation of the ball.
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Packing – Flexible seals that fit around the shaft and prevent the media traveling through the valve from escaping externally.
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Bonnet – The part of the valve body that houses the stem and packing.
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Operator or Actuator – An external device designed to rotate the stem of the valve. This can be a lever, a gear, a motor-operated gear (electric actuator), or a pneumatic/hydraulic actuator.
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Floating Ball Design
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A <a href="http://www.ftk-valve.com/ball-valve/floating-ball-valve/" target="_self">floating ball valve</a> sandwiches the hollow ball between two or more cupped seats that form a tight seal between the body and the ball at the inlet and outlet ports of the valve body.
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The ball is rotated (usually 90 degrees) by a shaft that protrudes outside of the valve body and is connected to some form of operator. For this reason, most ball valves are referred to as quarter-turn valves. This shaft is not rigidly attached to the ball in order for the ball to pivot on the end of the shaft as it rotates on the axis of the ball. This is usually accomplished with a slot on top of the ball, perpendicular to the ball’s flow path. The cupped portion of the seats cradle the ball prevents it from moving down in the valve body.
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The valve packing prevents the media from escaping the valve body through the stem opening in the bonnet. The most common type of packing today is chevron v-ring type packing. If you look at the cross section profile of this packing, it resembles the letter “V”. The outer diameter of the packing matches the bore of the bonnet. The inside diameter matches the outer diameter of the stem. Multiple rings of this packing are stacked on top of each other and the stem is inserted through the packing. A packing gland on top of the bonnet pushes down on the top of the “V” and causes the packing to expand and seals agains the stem and bonnet.
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Trunnion Mounted Ball Design
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The trunnion design ball valve works nearly the same way as the floating ball except the seats are spring loaded against the ball and the ball does not pivot. The ball only rotates on its axis in this design.
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In the <a href="http://www.ftk-valve.com/ball-valve/trunnion-mounted-ball-valve/" target="_self">trunnion mounted ball valve</a>, the ball utilizes a second shaft and bearing on the bottom of the ball. This stem or “post” holds the bottom of the valve in place. The top of the ball is not slotted and the upper stem is rigidly attached to the ball. This prevents the ball from moving into the downstream seat.
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